The Main Determinants Of Money Supply Essay - 1062 Words

The major determinants of money supply being the size of monetary base and the components that determines the money multipliers, such as income level, deposit rate, various interest rate, liquidity preferences of the people, the theory suggests that the NRB’s policy has been a steady growth money supply which is reflected in the publication, the Periodic Economic Planning, of the planning commission and the Economic Review published by NRB. According to Thapa (1997), the highest growth was recorded in 1960, and the lowest growth was recorded in 1971. In 1960, the M1 and M2 monetary aggregates grew by 40.9% and reserve money (monetary base) grew by 48.8%. In 1971, the growth of M1 was 3.9% while reserve money declined by almost 1%. 1.2 Conceptual Background of the Rational Expectations Hypothesis The policy effectiveness has been a continuing debate in macroeconomics between the Classical and the Keynesians. The introduction of the rational expectation hypothesis in macroeconomics elevated the debate by differentiating policies into anticipated and unanticipated. The rational expectation hypothesis suggests that economic agents use all available information to form the future expectation. Therefore, any expected policy change will not have any impact on real macro-variables as the economic agents fully incorporate the information into their expectation formation. The policy implication of this hypothesis is that the change in policy should be a surprise to have aShow MoreRelatedSoft Latte Demand At Starbucks1366 Words   |  6 Pageswith many variations of what people call coffee; from flavored lattes, and frozen frappuccinos, to herbal teas and smoothies. Many people visit Starbucks on a daily basis to ge t there caffeine fix to get them through their busy days. Two of the main determinants for demand include the income of their customers, and the changing habits of their customers. Flavored lattes are a normal good – as income rises, so does the demand for the product. But the reverse is also true – as income decreases, so doesRead MoreEconomics Question Bank772 Words   |  4 Pagesobjectives of firm? 11. What are the types of firms? 12. What is sole proprietorship? 13. What is partnership firm? 14. What is FOP? 15. What are the main areas of focus in managerial economics? 16. What is demand? 17. What is demand function? 18. What are related goods? 19. What are the determinants of demand? 20. State the law of demand. 21. Why does demand curve slope downwards? 22. What are the types of demand? 23. Define price demand. 24. DefineRead MoreEssay Keynesian Economics1662 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy. Macroeconomics deals with economic factors such as total national output and income, unemployment, balance of payments, and the rate of inflation. It is distinct from microeconomics, which is the study of the composition of output such as the supply and demand for individual goods and services, the way they are traded in markets, and the pattern of their relative prices. At the basis of macroeconomics is an understanding of what constitutes national output, or national income, and theRead MoreMicroeconomics Chapter 4 Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pages we see that a prince increase on an elastic good results in total revenue decrease. The owner should lower prices to see a total revenue increase. 11. A gasoline station very near a professional football stadium parks cars on its lot to make money on game days. Last year it charged $4.00 per car and parked 1000 cars. This year it raised the parking price to $5.00 and parked 850 cars. Did the station owner make a good economic decision in raising the parking prices from one year to the nextRead MoreDetermination of Wages893 Words   |  4 Pagesclaim that â€Å"at the simplest level of analysis, wages, viewed as the price of labour, are seen as being straightforwardly determined by the intersection of labour demand and supply curves in the market for labour.† (Sapsford et al., p. 155) Thus on one side we have the demand for labour by the firm, and on the other we have the supply of labour by workers. In cases where the market is in perfect competition the wage is given so the firm must choose the amount of workers it wants to employ at that wageRead MoreMicroeconomic and Tourism1182 Words   |  5 PagesList of figu res. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IX. References. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ List of Figures: * Figure 1: Determinants Of Competitiveness. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... * Figure 2: Determinants of Competitiveness (Sophistication of Company . Operations and Strategy). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... * Figure 3: Determinants Of Competitiveness (Quality of The National Business . Environment). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Read MoreAnalyzing The Concept Of Zeta Score And The Details It Includes?1582 Words   |  7 PagesUse the concept of zeta score and the details it includes? Credit analysis is the process of examining the creditability, credit history and financial situation of client or potential borrowers. The banks or moneylenders to ensure safety of their money use this process. At the same time, bond portfolio managers or investors to debt issuing companies on the basis of their credit rating and financial situations also define credit analysis as investigation process that performs. Credit rating is anRead MoreEconomics : A Human Interaction Within Markets Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pagesit reveals people’s goals that they are accomplishing. The economic agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Economics can be broken down into microeconomics and macroeconomics. †¢ Microeconomics is small theories of supply and demand, and the quantity of production and charge desired by individual businesses. People who have any desire to start their own business or to learn the rational of the pricing of particular products and services are interested in this areaRead MoreKeynesian, Monetarist, Fiscal Policy, Unemployment, Inflation898 Words   |  4 PagesMonetarist argument, we notice that both sides are correct in different terms. How unemployment is resolved in a labor market is opposed on the Keynesian side. While the Monetarist looked at the quantity of money, which should be increasing at a constant rate. The Monetarist reduce the money supply, which reduces the spending’s and increases the unemployment rate. Keynesian The public eye of the Keynesians was John Maynard Keynes. To have input on the Keynesian side, one must have employment to makeRead MoreAggregate Expenditure And Output Of The Short Run Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesAggregate expenditure and output in the short run. In principle, an economy is in equilibrium when the main macroeconomic variables tend to remain stable over time without external shocks. However, the conditions that this balance must fulfill differ according to the period in which we are analyzing the economy. In any economy, output, income, and aggregate expenditure coincide. However, this cannot be the equilibrium condition, since it is an identity. In order to be able to say that the economy

Obedience And Its Effect On Society - 2278 Words

Growing up as the youngest child of three, my parents always gave me much leeway. They never really disciplined me in ways my friend’s parents have disciplined my friend. They taught me right from wrong through a reward system. If I obeyed, they rewarded me in the form of toys. If I disobeyed, they scolded me. After many cycles of repetition, many children, including myself, realize that we are expected to be obedient in society. Not only is it a learned trait, but it also an inherent trait in certain circumstances. As I grew up, I learned that obedience helps us fit into society. Obedience convinces people to feel as if they are a part of an institution larger than themselves. This larger institution protects them from harm. Even though obedience has been helpful in numerous situations for many people, too much obedience has more drawbacks than benefits. An abundance of obedience can lend itself to becoming blind obedience, thus, stopping humans from thinking for themselves a nd just blindly obeying any order. Historically, blind obedience has been the root of numerous atrocities and serves as a reminder that obedience can lead to humanity’s downfall. Themes of obedience are studied in many articles and experiments. Two prominent examples, Stanley Milgram, a social psychologist, and Erich Fromm, a psychoanalyst, both wrote about their beliefs as to why humans are so prone to obey. The nature of human obedience derives its potency from consistent habituating, protection, andShow MoreRelatedObedience, By Stanley Milgram Tore1653 Words   |  7 Pages I. Overview Out of all the topics we have gone over the course of this class, obedience fascinates me the most. It is perplexing, thought provoking, and morally confusing. Obedience is paramount to the structure of our society yet stories of destructive obedience haunt us. From the atrocities of the Holocaust to the massacres in Vietnam we glimpse at the horrors humans are capable of. All the while, perpetrators vindicate their actions with relative ease. The justification for every genocideRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book A Few Good Men By Solomon E. Asch1540 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Analysis The foundation of today’s society is not in immense chaos or destruction, but rather in an organizational order because of the choice in obedience. As depicted in the movie, â€Å"A Few Good Men†, obedience is questioned due to soldiers choosing to obey or not when it presents the case of Lance Cpl. Harold Dawson and Pfc. Louden Downey being disciplined for committing a crime, even if they were only following orders. Eric Fromm, a social psychologist and psychoanalyst, furthers pointsRead MoreHistory Of Obedience And Conformity1729 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Obedience and Conformity With the utterance of â€Å"research in obedience,† Stanley Milgram is the epithet in social psychology. 56 years ago, Milgram tested the limits of a person s ability to commit deeds that would normally be directionally challenging to their moral compass when commanded to act by an authority figure. Just 15 years after the World War II Holocaust, the Milgram experiments was a social psychology response to a topic of â€Å"particular relevance† during that time (MilgramRead MoreThe Authority Of Culture : Milgram s Obedience Experiment1462 Words   |  6 Pages Authority of Culture Cana Rainwater Charleston Southern University Authority of Culture Milgram’s Obedience Experiment has influenced and inspired many experiments in the decades following the original study done in 1962. Moral psychologists, social psychologists, and sociologists have considered how different characteristics affect how the individual responds to authority: Does a group setting make a difference? Are certain personality traits an indicator of rebellion? Will theRead MoreSummary of the Dilemma of Obedience Essay509 Words   |  3 Pagesof The Dilemma of Obedience In the chapter The Dilemma of Obedience of the book Obedience to Authority : An Experimental View, Stanley Milgram explores the concept of obedience to authority, and why people cannot defy authority even the situation is totally conflicting with morality. He introduces his ideas by giving the definition of obedience, and mentions Nazi extermination as an instance of obedience, which contradicts with moral values. According to Milgram, obedience idiosyncraticallyRead MoreObedience Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 1310-04 28 October 2011 Obedience as an act can be traced back to the very beginnings of human history. The common belief has always been to obey authority at all cost. This act has never been questioned because authority corresponds to the common belief that respecting authority and obeying them will lead you to success in all aspects of life. Obedience is not defined to specific situations and its context can be portrayed in various ways. For example, Erich Fromm writes in his essay,Read MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the beginning, society teaches us to respect and obey all rules given to us by authoritative figures. Through the schooling process, teachers reinforce this idea by giving students orders and expecting them to listen without question. We ve learned that disobedience connotes with â€Å"being bad† when this is not necessarily the case. Many adults today still carry these teaching into their adulthood. It is no wonder why lea ders such as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin easily manipulated the mindsRead MoreObedience Is Not A Bad Thing Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesauthority is obedience. Just about everyone obeys someone or something on a daily basis without even thinking about it. It is normal and useful for keeping law and order in a common civilized society. Obedience is not a bad thing, it is just a way of controlling people. However, the opposite end of obedience is disobedience which is usually viewed as bad, especially in the context of a societal view. Both obedience and disobedience serve a purpose, from positive control through obedience, to denyingRead MoreObedience Is Not A Bad Thing Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesObedience is defined as compliance with an order, request, or submission to another’s authority. Just about everyone obeys someone or something on a daily basis without even thinking about it. It is normal and useful for keeping law and order in a common civilized society. Obedience is not a bad thing, it is just a way of controlling people. However, the opposite end of obedience is disobedience which is usually viewed as bad, especially in the context of a societal view. Both obedience and disobedienceRead MoreObedience to Authority1250 Words   |  5 PagesObedience to Authority No human social organization can function without some degree of obedience to authority, as the alternative would be anarchy leading to total chaos. Hence we find some sort of a hierarchy in both the most underdeveloped and the most civilized societies where certain individuals exercise authority over others. Almost everyone will agree that some degree of authority in certain individuals or groups (and their obedience by other groups) is desirable for the proper functioning

The Resistance Workers Of France - 1508 Words

For the Resistance workers of France, gender had a defining impact on the roles and jobs open to women where they were both utilized and supported. They played a key role in the Resistance of Vichy France from a scattering of leadership roles, to support roles, to secretarial and liaison work. These women were galvanized and motivated for different reasons: for the political, to moral, to patriotic or for the desire to do something. Even women beyond the network of the official groups of Resistance worked to shelter, protect and support Allies, their communities and Resistance efforts. Thousands of Women during the war, in the Resistance or not, followed and manipulated the stereotypes and limitations of women in the era to better service their goals. However these womanly standards curbed which positions they could fill and what respect they received. In prewar France, the stereotypical women were the homemakers of the family. Though many were formally educated, few profess ional jobs were open to them. After the France’s physical and morale collapse in the first months of World War II, the government propaganda proclaimed a new form of masculinity. A society built on a foundation of family, gender and biological distinct roles with a male dominated hierarchy. The antithesis of male ideal being a women who was submissive, ignorant and the home maker. These feminine ideals and values funneled many women to a support or secondary role in the Resistance. For toShow MoreRelatedTo what extent did the French Resistance assist in the allies liberation of France?888 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Resistance (La Rà ©sistance franà §aise) was a collaboration of individual movements against the German occupation of France and the Vichy regime that complied with the Nazis during World War II. Starting in 1940 and ending with the liberation of France, French people from all ends of the economic and political spectrum united in different Rà ©sistanc e groups to perform guerilla attacks, run underground newspapers, provide intelligence to and from the allies, and manage escape networks to alliedRead Moreimpact of french imperialism on indochina1032 Words   |  5 Pagescountry, France pursed to increase its power, wealth and influence by gaining authority over other parts in the world. South America and Africa were among the countries the French Empire had owned in addition to Indochina who lost its independence after the war against China, which lasted from 1884-1885. Indochina was a main asset to France, especially in the field of economics and social power between other countries such as China and Japan. Despite the advantage Indochina gave to France, the controlRead MoreThe Ideology And The Policies Adopted By Stalin906 Words   |  4 Pagesup to the two menaces of, which he barely knew the names Marxism and Jews, but still no evidence of being raging anti-Semite before 1914. In 1920 he said for the first time in print â€Å"Jews are to be exterminated.† After the foundation of the German Workers Party of 1919, which became the Nazis. During the World War II 25 million people died in WWII. A lot of partisans lost their lives picking off German soldiers in the case of Poland. Warsaw ghetto rose and crashed with 12,000 deaths and with thousandsRead MoreThe Importance Of Antibiotic Resistance998 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to global health, food security and development today, it occurs naturally, but the pace of its process speeds up its abuse when given to humans and animals and it can harm anyone regardless of age and country of residence (Laxminarayan, et al.2013). According to World Health Organization (WHO), there are 700,000 people death every year because of antibiotic resistance (WHO,2016). A study by the Public Health Foundation in EnglandRead MoreEuropean Imperialism in Late 19th Century Africa1624 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelop their native land. Some African leaders and societies responded to European occupation by gathering resistance groups in attempt to fight off foreign imperialists. How did European Imperialism begin? There are many factors that played an important role in the process of taking over Africa for various European countries. Between 1870-1890 European powers such as Great Britain, France, Germany, and Portugal where major powers exploring for more natural recourses, and new markets in their AfricanRead MoreThe Causes Of Decolonization After World War II979 Words   |  4 Pagesexample of an African country that was decolonized is Algeria, which was invaded by France. The main objective of French was for their economic gain and to compete with the British Empire (Lec, 11/20). The French wanted to become known as the most powerful nation of Europe. Moreover, France treated Algeria as an extension of France, ‘’Long live the Republic! Long live Algeria and long live France’ (257). France controlled the lives of Algerians by making them suffer and live up to their rules. AlthoughRead MoreDiscussing the Stability of the Weimar Republic Essay examples582 Words   |  3 PagesFrench did not believe this and so they invaded the Ruhr, which was the richest industrial area in Germany. The Germans responded to the invasion by passive resistance, this lead to hyper-inflation. Hyper-inflation meant that the government kept printing more money in order to pay the workers for the passive resistance. This soon got out of hand and money soon be came incredibly worthless. This made Weimar Republic unstable as their money was worthless, the public were loosingRead MoreWomen s Rights During The French Revolution1041 Words   |  5 Pagesestates system was abolished, the class system remained, and there continued to be huge wealth disparity in France. As the October Days in the same year highlighted, urban workers continued to struggle to afford bread. The Declaration only guaranteed equality of rights. Although this is significant, the Declaration was by no means so revolutionary that it eliminated inequality and oppression in France. This is arguably best exemplified by examining women’s rights. The Declaration makes little progressRead MoreThe Most Effective Resistance Against Nazis And The Holocaust?1719 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Which Countries or Groups Showed the Most Effective Resistance Against Nazis and the Holocaust? Many events in the world have been documented in our history books, but sometimes forgotten. However, the reminisce of events that took place during the Holocaust are the ones that are never forgotten. Neither should the groups and countries that showed resistance towards Hitler. Because of the antipathy towards Hitler s regime, resistance towards Nazi’s and the Holocaust was a combined effort fromRead MoreMulticulturalism And Its Impact On Society1585 Words   |  7 PagesEuropean countries such as Britain and France. These policies required immigrants to enroll themselves in language school at their own expense. Ironically, at the time, the Netherlands was known as an immigration and multiculturalist country. For those ‘coloured’ who migrated to these European countries lived in poor neighborhoods due to discrimination of their landlords and public authorities through employment opportunities in dangerous jobs that allowed white workers to create a booming economy. Britain

Exploration of the Ways that Shakespeare Makes Act One...

Exploration of the Ways that Shakespeare Makes Act One Scene Five of Romeo and Juliet Dramatically Effective Romeo and Juliet is a tragic love story which was written in the late fifteen hundreds during the Elizabethan period. The play revolves around prominent paradoxical themes of love and hate. The play portrays the romance between Romeo and Juliet, the son and daughter of two feuding families living in Verona, both of very high status. The play also involves the theme of fate; this is initially shown in the prologue, â€Å"Two star-crossed lovers†. The audience knows that Romeo and Juliet will meet, this is obvious purely from the title of the play, this helps build tension until it reaches a†¦show more content†¦Capulet then says â€Å"And quench the fire, the room is gorwn too hot† This phrase is to continue to put across how many people are in the party and having fun. All the people dancing have made the room hot. Next, the sudden interruption of Capulet and cousin Capulet’s conversation by Romeo instantly brings attention to this part of the scene. â€Å"What lady’s that which doth enrich the hand of yonder knight?† Following this comment is an aura of mystery which dramatically builds tension as the audience try to figure out who Montague’s son is talking about. As it becomes apparent that Juliet is the â€Å"beauty† Romeo is enthralled by tension builds even more. This speech also severely contrasts with Capulet’s playful, excitable language. This adds to drawing attention to the scene. Also, during Romeo’s speech Shakespeare uses rhyming couplets to express its significance to the play. Shakespeare also uses irony here to keep the attention of the audience. â€Å"So shows a snowy dove† This is ironic because the audience already knows that this will end in tragedy from the prologue, â€Å"Take their life† A dove represents p eace and this irony further dramatizes the scene. Alliteration is also used to bring attention to this line. The interruption of Tybalt, immediately talking of violence â€Å"Fetch me my rapier† has once again broken up the scene and

Alabama Air Case Free Essays

1. State any business problem that the enterprise needs to resolve: Darden Restaurants needs to manage a supply-chain of highly perishable items such as seafood, over 35 countries, while managing costs and product quality. Furthermore, the company needs to ensure a strict protocol of inspection and quality assurance throughout the supply chain. We will write a custom essay sample on Alabama Air Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Briefly summarize relevant background information from the case. Darden restaurant owns popular brands such Olive Garden and Red Lobster, comprising of 1400 restaurants in the US. These are 300 million meals served annually with purchases from 35 ountries. The average shelf life of the food item is 4 days and temperature of 34 degrees must be ensured at each step of the way. 3. Describe how the enterprise dealt with its issues and their relevance The airline executives have decided to use Statistical Process Control tools to measure the airlines on-time performance and to guage how it is doing in relation to the rest of the airline industry. The Data: WeekLate FlightsFraction Late 120. 02 240. 04 3100. 1 440. 04 510. 01 610. 01 7130. 13 890. 09 9110. 11 1000 1130. 03 1240. 04 1320. 02 1420. 02 1580. 08 620. 02 1730. 03 1870. 07 1930. 03 2020. 02 2130. 03 2270. 07 2340. 04 2430. 03 2520. 02 2620. 02 2700 2810. 01 2930. 03 3040. 04 120 4. Using a 95% confidence level plot the overall percentage of late flights p, and the upper and lower control limits. p =Total Number of errors Total Number of Sample p=120=0. 04 (100)*(30) sigma=SQRT(((. 04)*(1-. 04))/100) sigma=0. 02 UCL=p + 2*. 02=0. 08 LCL=p – 2*. 02=0 Using 95% Confidence leve l (z=2), we plot a control chart for the fraction of late flights for ezch week. We also superimpose the industry upper and ower control limits of . 1 and . 04 repectively: The Fraction of flights late on Week 3, 7, 8 and 9 fall above the UCL of . 08 for Alabama Air. For each of these weeks management needs to get detailed data on what the problems were with the flights that were late. The fact that 3 out of the 4 weeks where the process was out of bounds were consecutive point to non-random causes for the issue. Management can conclude that they are doing better than the industry averages since the industry industry control limits are higher than the Alabama Air ones. How to cite Alabama Air Case, Essay examples

Qualitative Analysis Applications Of Social - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Qualitative Analysis Applications Of Social? Answer: Introduction Business research can be defined as the systematic investigation about companys customers, competitors and the industry to establish efficient management in the company. Following steps in business research process assist a company to accomplish its goals. Identification of research problem The first step in research process is the identification of the problems faced by the organization (Bryman and Bell, 2015). As business law today worked in a very unstable environment which is surrounded by various macro environmental factors, so it is necessary for them to analyse dynamic business environment in order to survive in the competitive market (Neelankavil, 2015). A well-defined problem can help the researcher to actually solve the problem but some research problems cannot be clearly defined such as declining sales which needs to be explore further through exploratory research, it may be considered that the methods of exploratory research generally in use aresurvey of secondary data, experience survey, or pilot studies, this is also called as preliminary investigation. Review of literature A literature review can be defined as the inspection of books, articles, journals and any other sources which is relevant to the area of research, summary or theory. Therefore in this step it is necessary to write a brief summary in which statement of research objectives should be defined. It is necessary to inspect required books and articles as to write a brief summary about the objectives. So the objectives should be precise in nature as it plays the role of a guide for further steps in the process so it should be specific (Neelankavil, 2015). Such objectives may be explained in qualitative and quantitative terms and expressed as research questions, statement or hypothesis. For instance, the research objective, to find out which promotional technique can affect the goodwill of the company explained as a statement. Whereas a hypothesis is a statement that can be contradicted or supported on the basis of limited evidence (Bryman and Bell, 2015). The same research objective could be stated as, To test the proposition that goodwill is positively influenced by the promotional technique chosen this summer Planning the research design The third step under business research process is to plan the design of research. A proper research design is very essential step in the research process which involves various things such as the cost, budget provided for organizing the research, the source of the information, the time, measurement methods and sampling process (Bryman and Bell, 2015). A research design is a big approach which explains the procedure of gathering and inspecting the required information. It ultimately explains the structure of plan for action. The main intention behind the study is to make sure that data collected are significant to the goals (Greener and Martelli, 2015). Planning the sample Sampling is the process of selecting units from the population of interest so that the result of the research can easily be concluded. Planning the sample involves questions such as which population should be selected? Who is to be the right representative for sampling? How large or small can be the size of the sample? It basically includes the planning of the final sample which is to be distributed to the participants. It further includes the designing of the sample scheme, size of the sample, recognizing the parameters to be measured while sampling, deciding about the time when the samples will be distributed (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson, 2015). Data collection After making a suitable sample the next step is to collect the required data for solving the problem. Basically the data collected can be primary which is raw and collected from original base through experimental research (Neelankavil, 2015). Data can be secondary which is gathered from the written reports and articles, magazines, newspapers, books and others (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson, 2015). There are also two types of sources that is internal sources (within the company such as sales reports, accounting data) and external source (across the boundaries of the company) Data processing and analysis After collecting the data, the next important step is to evaluate the data to convert the collected data into the format which will help manager in effective decision making and it also suggest the answers to the defined problems of the research process (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson, 2015). Data processing starts from editing of data and its coding. Editing includes investigating the data for omissions and errors. The process of recording, categorising and transferring the data to data storage media called codes. It is necessary for identification or classification of data (Greener and Martelli, 2015). Report writing After evaluating the data the final stage under research process is preparation of the report. The research report should clearly define the findings as per the objectives. It can be given in two forms that are oral or written. As the research report helps in effective decision making so it is essential to carefully analyse the information and should be made according to the needs of the organization. At this phase the research report should be made more carefully and it should illustrate all the details of the findings. The length of the report should be made as per the need of the manager. It should be made in such a way that the manager can refer if a research on a same topic is being conducted in future (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson, 2015). Discuss any three (3) strategies in quantitative research Quantitative research can be defined as solving a problem via numerical data or data which can be converted into usable statistics. It is important to develop some strategies to face challenges while conducting a research. Three strategies of quantitative research are as follows:- Overcoming the issue of sampling Undertaking a quantitative research, sampling is a very complex process as it has the potential of making credibility issues. Sampling should be done carefully by the researcher because most of the researchers take sampling as the base of the research. While sampling, committing errors could result into loss of reliability of the study (Ihantola and kihn, 2011). A researcher must be careful enough while selecting a sample as it represents accessed population as well as the similar population in other settings. The design of the research should be set in a manner that it contributes to the purpose of the study. Every research should include objectivity in its design. The strategy here is to make sure that researcher must maintain the validity of the study by confirming that sampling problems over such issues are minimal and well compensated. Designing a questionnaire Critical to the research process is designing a questionnaire. As the questionnaire helps in providing the exact result therefore it should be designed carefully. The operations in the questionnaire should contain simple language which is understandable for the respondents, so that they can easily answer. The researcher must avoid personal and sensitive matters while making the questionnaire. Question designs enabled improvement through sending questionnaires to online respondents (Frippiat, Marquis, Wiles-portier, 2010). As a result a researcher is able to make questionnaire in such a way that is very simple and interesting for the respondents. The strategy here is to ask the quantifiable questions in the questionnaire. The researcher should motivate the respondents to enable them to complete the surveys by ensuring the questions are simple and the process is interesting. Overcoming the issue of reliability Reliability can be defined as the quality of being trustworthy and performing well. The information should be from valid and trusted source. The researcher should only write about the facts and should only provide the true information in the research. The researcher must focus on data quality standards to make the research more reliable In regards to reliability, the strategy here is to conduct the kind of research which goes over and above the related challenges (William, 2011). suggests that the reliability of the reports gets affected by the time consumed during the research process. The time and speed consumed should be optimum while collecting the data. The main idea of the strategy is to make sure that errors are minimal consequently, enhance the reliability of the report. For instance, the information picked up from the sales department of the company. As this information comes from the internal sources so it is reliable and can be trusted. The main purpose of the literature review in the research process is to establish theoretical framework for your topic or subject area. Researcher should place the work in such a say that one can correlates the contribution of the study to research problem (Machi and McEvoy, 2016). Define your subject area Subject area is not a topic it is too large than that. It is a large category in which the actual topic can be found. Therefore it is necessary to define the subject area properly so that the researcher doesnt get confused between the subject area and the topic. Subject area is a sack of unopened topics (Booth, Sutton and Papaionnou, 2016). Identify new ways to interpret prior research The researcher while reviewing literature should identify the new ways to describe the prior research. It is very helpful in many other purposes besides the data provided. It improves the current knowledge of the researcher (Marshall and Rossman, 2014) Define the relationship of each work with the other The researcher should properly define the relationship between the collected information as the information can be easily misinterpreted. It is necessary because if there will be no link between the information provided then it will be very difficult to understand (Machi and McEvoy, 2016). Reveal any gaps that exist in the literature. The researcher should explore the topic thoroughly and reveal the required gaps existed in the study (Machi and McEvoy, 2016). The gap here implies the areas which has not been yet explored or under explored. These are the missing pieces which is essential for making the effective and efficient report. Discuss any three (3) non-probability sampling techniques. Non probability sampling can be defined as the technique where the chances of selecting any member for a sample cannot be calculated. Three non-probability sampling techniques can be described as follows:- Purposive sampling Purposive sampling can be explained as where sample is being selected as per the knowledge of the researcher. This kind of sampling is generally being used when the researcher need to reach the targeted sample swiftly (Babin and Zikmund, 2015). This kind of sampling is also known as judgemental, selective and subjective sampling. There are many types of sampling such as typical case, heterogeneous, homogeneous and deviant case sampling (Hair, 2015). Convenience sampling Convenience sampling can be described as the name suggests, selecting a sample which is convenient to you such as malls, local market, local schools, neighbours (Hair, 2015). It can be further explained as the type of non-probability sampling that collects the information from the nearest sources (Babin and Zikmund, 2015). It is also called as accidental, opportunity sampling. Snowball sampling Snowball sampling is a type of non-probability sampling. It can be described as where the researcher recruits other people for the study because sometimes it becomes very difficult for the researcher to find out the participants (Hair, 2015).It is called snowball sampling because when the snowball rolls around, it adds more snow with it and becomes bulkier. It is very important for a researcher to first check the questionnaire on a sample before administering it to participants because of the following reasons (Pattern, 2016). To Reduce errors Pretesting of a questionnaire is very necessary to make it understandable and relevant to the respondents. The researcher must go through the questionnaire and test it on a sample to reduce the errors. Random mistakes can be evaluated through pretesting of a questionnaire and by statistical analysis (Wilson, 2014). For exact results While tackling a quantitative study the researchers need to have the exact result and for that it is necessary to pre-test the questionnaire (Pattern, 2016). Questions in the questionnaire should be framed in such a way that the respondents can easily answer and with the help of straight answers researcher can have the exact result. For a one-shot research project The damage is limited if the researcher have to do various rounds of iterative testing. If the researcher gets only a single dose of user for the designed project then the researcher have to make it right for the first time as they will not provide the second chance (Wilson, 2014). For a high-visibility project The projects which require some extra attention and will be seen by the high level of managers are known as high-visibility projects. For these kinds of projects pretesting of questionnaire is very necessary (Wilson, 2014). For example test is on the companys premier product. Obviously every project is important enough but some projects needs extra attention. To avoid ambiguity The questionnaire should be clear and simple (Wilson, 2014). The researcher should avoid the unambiguous questions at all. Long worded and complex questions can irritate the participants therefore; the researchers should keep it simple and straight. So to avoid ambiguity researcher must test it on a sample (Pattern, 2016). To check the sequence of the questions Pretesting of a questionnaire is important to check the sequence of the questions (Wilson, 2014). The questionnaire should contain logical flow of questions. The researcher must check the arrangement of questions so that every question is included in the questionnaire. Discuss three (3) types of qualitative data analysis techniques. Qualitative analysis can be defined as the number of processes and procedures in which the researcher examines the collected nonnumeric form of data. Three qualitative data analysis techniques are as follows:- Content analysis Content analysis can be explained as studying files, documents, articles and reports which can be the content of any video, pictures and formats. This type of analysis basically helps in quantify the patterns in communication systematically (Smith, 2015). Now days computers are generally used under content analysis to automate the coding of documents. The advantages of simple computational techniques are that it can easily provide descriptive data such as length of the report or document, word frequencies (Zhang and Wildemuth, 2016). The content analysis involves critical observation and systematic reading of the content for making it interesting and meaningful. There are many goals of content analysis such as defining the data, making the relevant information and avoiding ambiguity. Narrative analysis Narrative analysis is a form of qualitative research which involves the study of stories, journals, autobiography, field notes and life experience as units for analysis (Zhang and Wildemuth, 2016). Basically it studies the stories of the individuals and tries to understand the relationship between their experiences and social framework. Under these analysis researchers first listens the story of the research subject then try to set up and understand the link between the experiences of the individuals and their social framework. The main focus of narrative analysis is on the story that what and how it is being narrated (Smith, 2015). Most of the methods of qualitative research include procedures but narrative analysis is questionable in this regard. It can be only set out by the the validation of the audience Framework analysis Framework analysis is a type of qualitative analysis which can be explained as evaluating, designing and monitoring the projects (Smith, 2015). It is flexible at the time of analysis. Under this the researcher can either collect the whole data then do the analysis or can analyse the data at the time of collection process. The analysis stage involves sifted, charted and sorted the gathered data according to the key themes and issues (Gaber, 2018). It involves five stages which are as follows:- Familiarisation: the first stage for the researchers while doing framework analysis is to get familiar with the data. Identifying a thematic framework: the second stage here is involves discussion points and key themes. This stage is also known as coding. Indexing: it basically develops the coding work done in second stage in order to set up consistencies. Charting: on this stage the researcher rearranges the data and thematic framework. It is the process of developing a final coding framework through abstraction. Mapping and interpretation: on this stage researcher represents the data graphically and investigates the link between the themes. (Gaber 2018). Outline the objectives of report writing Report writing is a document written for a particular audience. It is an organized format which includes specific information and evidence related to a particular problem. There are some objectives defined by the researcher while writing a report which are as follows:- Relevant information The foremost objective of the researcher while writing a report is to provide the relevant information to the viewers. As if the report does not contain the relevant information it will go in waste, the whole effort of the researcher will go in waste because it will be no longer useful for the audience (Polonsky and waller, 2014). Therefore, the report should be written in such a way that it is understandable to the viewers and only contains the right information Precise and accurate The researcher must provide the accurate information in the report. If the researcher writes anything unnecessary or irrelevant and the audience cannot even relate the information with the topic then it will not be consider as a good report (Polonsky and waller, 2014).So the text in a report should be precise in nature and the researcher should try to provide only the accurate information Organize the information The researcher must write the information in such a way that the whole text is interrelated with each other. The whole text should be formatted as per the requirement (Polonsky and waller, 2014). As the audience wants to get to your main message therefore, the information should be designed in such a way that it can be effectively communicated to the viewers. Attractiveness The researcher should present the report in such a way that it should grab the attention of the viewers of the report. To meet this broad requirement of attractiveness in the report the researcher should assume the role of an artist. If the report looks attractive then only it can create the interest of the user (Maylor, Blackmon and Huemann, 2016). The report should provide the wide view which looks attractive in an artistic sense. Consistency The researcher must take care while writing a report that it should contain consistency (Maylor, Blackmon and Huemann, 2016). Therefore the report should be prepared in such a way that it can be useful for many years from the same kind of text and statistical data. If it is possible to use same information for collecting, tabulating and presenting the information then the usage of the report will get increased. Describe any five (5) types of reports Reports are generally the written document which contains specific information and evidence related to a particular problem. Types of reports are as follows:- Analytical reports Analytical reports generally play the role of the examiner which tells about the results and conclusion (Bovee, Thill and Raina, 2016). The process involves having the results, analyse those results and at the end drawing the conclusion related with the results. Recommendation reports Recommendation reports are the reports in which the recommendations are supported by the results and the conclusions. It helps in solving a problem and evaluating the solutions and then recommend one. (Bovee, Thill and Raina, 2016). Progress report Progress report is a kind of report in which the researchers have to tell the supervisor about the progress made by them in the given projects and assignments (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). Credit report Credit report is a process of collecting data related with the credit history of an individual or an organisation (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). Generally the credit bureaus collect the data and make the credit report on the basis of given information. Personnel evaluation report A report which includes the data related with the performance of the personnel in the organisation (Bovee, Thill and Raina, 2016). It answers the questions such as how well the employee performed in particular period References: Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Bailey, J.S. and Burch, M.R., 2017.Research methods in applied behavior analysis. Routledge. Bernard, H.R., 2017.Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Rowman Littlefield. Booth, A., Sutton, A. and Papaioannou, D., 2016.Systematic approaches to a successful literature review. Sage. Bove, C.L., Thill, J.V. and Raina, R.L., 2016. Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015. Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Cooper, D.R., Schindler, P.S. and Sun, J., 2006.Business research methods(Vol. 9). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. and Jackson, P.R., 2015.Management and business research. Sage. Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015. Qualitative methods in business research: A practical guide to social research. Sage. Franzosi, R., 2017.Content analysis. Sage. Frippiat, D, Marquis, N., Wiles-Portier, E., 2010. Web surveys in the social sciences: An overview. Population. Gaber, J. and Gaber, S., 2018.Qualitative analysis for planning policy: Beyond the numbers. Routledge. Glaser, B., 2017.Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge. Greener, S. and Martelli, J., 2015. An introduction to Business Research Methods. Hair, J.F., 2015. Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Ihantola, E.M. and Kihn, L.A., 2011. Threats to validity and reliability in mixed methods accounting research. Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, 8(1), pp.39-58. Machi, L.A. and McEvoy, B.T., 2016. The Literature review: Six Steps to Success Corwin. Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B., 2014. Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. Maylor, H., Blackmon, K. and Huemann, M., 2016.Researching business and management. Palgrave. Neelankavil, J.P., 2015.International business research. Routledge. Patten, M.L., 2016.Questionnaire research: A practical guide. Routledge. Polonsky, M.J. and Waller, D.S., 2014.Designing and managing a research project: A business student's guide. Sage publications. Royse, D., Thyer, B.A. and Padgett, D.K., 2015.Program evaluation: An introduction to an evidence-based approach. Cengage Learning. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Thomas, P., 2013. Sample size determination and power. John Wiley Sons. New jersey. Williams, C. (2011). Research methods. Journal of Business E Economics Research (JBER) Wilson, J., 2014. Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage. Zhang, Y. and Wildemuth, B.M., 2016. Qualitative analysis of content.Applications of social research methods to questions in information and library science,318. Zhu, J., 2014.Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets(Vol. 213). Springer.

Killing / Fiesta free essay sample

Today, family is one of the most sacred values we share in the individualist society we live in. Every family is different and has different rules and values; but in most of them, fathers are supposed to be leaders of the family, and role models for their children. They are also considerate like the one who transmits the traditions of their ancestors in order to carry them on. â€Å"Fiesta, 1980† is a short story written by Junot Diaz taken from his short story collection, Drown, (1996). Killings† is also a short story taken from, Finding a Girl in America (1980), written by Andre Dubus. Both of these stories are dealing with the family’s subject and provide us different perspectives of it. In Diaz’s story we can see the relationship among a foreigner family, while in Andre Dubus’s story we see an American average family. In both stories, fathers play an important role; they figure prominently and have a considerable impact on their family but on the story also. The father in Dubus’s story is more family oriented that the one in Diaz’; moreover the family is more closely–knit in Dubus’s story than in Diaz’s story. The difference between the behaviors of the two fathers can be explained by their cultural backgrounds, which are not the same. These stories also provide us another perspective of the father’s role in the family, through their strength and their weakness without compromise. In the story written by Dubus, Matt Flower, the main character symbolizes the loving father. He was very protective of his children when they were younger: â€Å"He had always been a fearful father: when his children were young, at the start of each summer he thought of them drowning in a pond or the sea, and he was relieved when he came home in the evenings and they were there; usually that relief was his only acknowledgement of his fear; which he never spoke of, and which he controlled within his heart. † (Dubus 101) That statement shows the reader how much Matt cared about his children as to imagine the worst things that could have happened to them. That’s a strong proof of the love and the attention he pays to them. On the other hand in the story written by Junot Diaz, the father appears to be very authoritative with his children which is reflected by this part of the text: â€Å"We were all dressed by then, which was a smart move on our part. If Papi had walked in and caught us lounging around in our underwear, man, he would have kicked our asses something serious. †(Diaz 157) This part of the story shows us how much the father was feared by his children so we can establish that he had a conflicting relationship with them. Another point that emphasizes this conflicting relationship with his children is when he didn’t want Tia to give food to Junior at the party because he didn’t want him to vomit in his car. That was supposed to be a party; everybody was happy and enjoying, so Junior must have felt frustrated to see all the other kids eating while he couldn’t. That exposes how selfish and unfair is Papi. Matt Fowler is described as man with morals. Indeed we see that he felt guilty after he committed the murder, which is not the case of true killers; but the death of his youngest son was too much for him to accept. He felt like the only solution was to avenge his death. It was maybe motivated by the fact that his oldest son, Steve, said during the funerals that he should kills him talking about Richard Strout, the murderer of his brother: â€Å"Steve, turned to him as the family left the grave and walked between their friends, and said -I should kill him-. † (Dubus 96). Being the leader of the family he probably thought it was his duty to do it in order to accept the death of Frank, but also maybe to protect Steve from committing a murder and facing prison. Although it is in conflict with his values he had to kill Richard Strout in order to protect his family from being in contact with him. It is said that his wife Ruth saw him a few times in town, which was very difficult for her to stand. That’s why it is understandable for a respectable man like him to take his responsibilities and protect his family by killing the murderer of his son. Unlike Papi who didn’t have the same morals as Matt, indeed, in addition of being unfaithful to his wife, he allowed himself to take his children to his mistress’s place, which shows the poor consideration he had for his own amily members. It was like he didn’t care, he didn’t even have the decency to not get his kids involved with his infidelity. Another point that shows us that Papi is self-centered is when he took Junior to his mistress and ask him to just sit and watch tv like nothing happened, like it was a normal thing for him to cheat and that he didn’t have to hide: â€Å" Why don’t you go watch TV? Papi suggested. He already had his hand on her ass and didn’t care that I was watching. He was looking at her like she was the last piece of chicken on earth. We got plenty channels, she said. Use the remote if you want. The two of them went upstairs and I was too scared of what was happening to poke around. I just sat there, ashamed, expecting something big and fiery to crash down on all our heads. I watched a whole hour of the news before Papi came downstairs and said, Let’s go† (Diaz 156) . In â€Å"Killings† the relationship between Matt Fowler and his wife appears to be honest, sincere and full of love as notice in this quote from the text: â€Å"He went down the hall to the bathroom and in the dark he washed his hands and face. Then he went to her, lay on his back, and pulled the sheet up to his throat. †¦] She was holding him, wanting him, and he wished he could make love with her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Dubus107). Therefore, after he did kill Richard Strout, he told everything to his wife, which is a great proof of the trust he had for his wife. We can tell that Matt Fowler could have always counted on the support of his wife regardless of the circumstances. On the other hand, the relationship between Papi and Mami was not that good, first of all because he was cheating on her but also because they had the habit to argue and have frequent fights as the narrator let us know: â€Å" [†¦] and I kept expecting something to come of this, a brawl maybe. I’d never once been out with my family when it hadn’t turned to shit. We were a Doomsday on wheels. We weren’t even theatrical or straight crazy like other families. We fought like sixth grader, without any real dignity. I guess the whole night I’ve been waiting for a blowup, something between Papi and Mami. This was how I always figured Papi would be exposed, out in public, where everybody would know. †(Diaz 156) Beside, when there were at the party they didn’t dance that much together. They just danced for a song, then split up, and then dance again. That must signified they couldn’t stand each other for a long time; they maybe needed breaks. However Junior doesn’t want to present his father, as a monster even if he was cheating on his mother, but he didn’t really understands the complexity of relationships between adults. . He emphasizes it at the end of the story when he said that his father did put his hand on his mother’s leg when they were in their way back home after the party. That maybe meant that although his father was a cheater he had love for his wife but that love wasn’t enough, he was probably the kind of man that needed more than one woman in his life to fulfill his desires Overall, these stories involved two fathers and their families in different situations. One was a loving husband, a protective father and a respectable man who has been in an uncomfortable situation after the death of his youngest son, and who decided to take his revenge on the murderer of his son maybe to protect his older son who might could have done it by himself.